![]() ![]() GLOSSARY boson A type of sub-atomic particle that mediates the forces that govern how matter particles interact. The four fundamental forces-the weak nuclear force, the strong nuclear force, the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force each have their own specific type of (remember this one for later).Īll matter as we know it is made from various combinations of elementary particles, stuck together by one of the fundamental forces. GLOSSARY hadron A composite particle made from quarks bound together by the strong nuclear force. Quarks can combine to make composite particles, such as a Electrons, muons and taus all have an electrical charge, which is important as it determines what forces can control them. Electrons orbit around a nucleus of protons and neutrons to make an atom., electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. GLOSSARY electron A sub-atomic particle that carries a negative charge. Quarks can be further split up into six different types: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom. There are six different types of quark – up, down, top, bottom, charm and strange. Quarks are elementary particles that combine to make up the components of the nucleus of an atom (protons and neutrons). ![]() Fermions make up matter, and bosons are responsible for transmitting the forces that control how matter behaves. ![]() There are two main categories of particles that make up the Standard Model: fermions and bosons. The model is a sort of instruction manual for the universe, with 12 elementary particles of matter, and the fundamental forces provide the methods for putting the matter together. The Standard Model is theoretical physicists’ best attempt yet to describe the elementary particles, and to explain how three of the four forces govern the way they behave. These forces act upon different types of particles and control how they interact with each other. There are also four fundamental forces, or fields, within the universe: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force. These elementary particles combine to form composite particles. Of the 200 sub-atomic particles that we know about, there are some that cannot be split into smaller components, and these are called elementary particles. The Standard Model Explaining how the world works In fact, there are more than 200 types of sub-atomic particles, which interact in very complex ways. We now know that the fundamental world extends far beyond the basics of earth, air, fire and water, and there are a lot of things smaller than a hydrogen atom. was the smallest component of matter, and could not be broken up into anything smaller (the name comes from the Greek word atomon, which means ‘that which cannot be divided’) and that a hydrogen atom was the smallest possible particle of matter. GLOSSARY atom The fundamental unit of all matter consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by orbiting electrons (or in the case of hydrogen, just one electron). ![]() Modern day particle physics is concerned with how the world works on a sub-atomic (really really small) scale. Over the centuries, physicists have taken these concepts and run amok. The ancient Greeks thought it all boiled down to four elemental substances: earth, air, fire and water. People have always been curious about how the world works, and what everything is fundamentally made of. ![]()
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